Best fish farming practices for high yields and sustainable production

Fish farming, also known as aquaculture, is one of the fastest-growing agribusiness sectors in Africa and around the world. It offers a reliable source of income, improves food security and provides essential nutrients for growing populations. However, success in fish farming depends on using the right methods, management practices and technology to ensure high yields and sustainable production.

Fish farming involves raising fish under controlled conditions for commercial or subsistence purposes. Unlike capture fishing, which relies on natural water bodies, aquaculture allows farmers to produce fish in ponds, tanks or cages. This method ensures consistent production throughout the year, reduces pressure on wild fish populations and provides a more stable source of income.

Commonly farmed fish species include tilapia, catfish, trout, and ornamental fish. Among these, tilapia and catfish are the most popular in Kenya and other parts of Africa because they adapt well to local conditions and have high market demand.

Choosing the right site for fish farming

The location of a fish farm greatly influences its success. An ideal site should have a reliable water source, good drainage, and suitable soil for pond construction. Clay or loamy soils are preferred because they hold water well, preventing seepage.

Accessibility is also important. The farm should be close to markets, roads, and supply centers to reduce transportation costs. Additionally, the area should be free from pollutants and chemicals that could harm the fish. Farmers are encouraged to test both water and soil quality before construction to ensure the environment is conducive for fish growth.

Pond construction and design

Fish ponds are the backbone of aquaculture. Proper pond construction ensures good water retention, easy management and efficient harvesting. The pond should be rectangular in shape, with gentle slopes that allow smooth drainage.

The pond’s size depends on the available land, capital and intended scale of production. A small-scale farmer can start with one or two ponds, each measuring about 20m by 30m. The pond should include an inlet for clean water and an outlet for drainage. It is also advisable to fence the area to prevent predators and unauthorized access.

Once the pond is constructed, it should be filled with water and left for a few days to allow natural microorganisms to develop. These microorganisms provide an initial source of food for the fish and help balance the pond’s ecosystem.

Selecting and stocking fingerlings

Stocking refers to introducing young fish, called fingerlings, into the pond. Choosing healthy and active fingerlings is crucial for high survival rates and good growth. Farmers should always purchase fingerlings from certified hatcheries to avoid introducing diseases or poor-quality breeds.

The stocking density depends on the pond size and fish species. Overstocking leads to competition for oxygen and food, resulting in slow growth or death. On the other hand, understocking wastes space and reduces profit. For tilapia, a common density is around 2–3 fingerlings per square meter.

Before stocking, farmers should acclimatize the fingerlings by gradually introducing pond water into the container they came in. This helps them adjust to the new environment and reduces stress.

Feeding and nutrition

Proper feeding is essential for healthy fish growth and profitability. Fish feed should contain a balanced mix of protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. Commercial pellets are commonly used because they float, allowing farmers to monitor feeding behavior and reduce wastage.

Feeding frequency depends on the fish’s age and water temperature. Young fish are fed two to three times a day, while mature fish can be fed once or twice. Farmers should avoid overfeeding, as leftover feed decomposes and lowers water quality.

In addition to commercial feed, farmers can supplement with natural feeds such as kitchen waste, maize bran or duckweed to reduce costs.

Water quality management

Maintaining good water quality is one of the most important aspects of fish farming. Fish need clean, oxygen-rich water to thrive. Parameters such as pH, temperature and oxygen levels should be regularly monitored.

Water should not be stagnant for long periods. Regular water exchange helps remove waste and maintain healthy conditions. In some cases, farmers use aerators to increase oxygen levels in the pond, especially during hot weather when oxygen levels tend to drop.

Weeds, algae and pests should also be controlled, as they compete for nutrients and can harm the fish. Farmers can use safe biological methods or manual removal instead of chemicals that may contaminate the water.

Disease control and biosecurity

Diseases can quickly wipe out an entire fish population if not properly managed. To prevent infections, farmers should maintain clean ponds, avoid overstocking and handle fish gently during harvesting or transfer.

Quarantining new fingerlings before introducing them to the main pond helps prevent the spread of disease. If fish show signs of illness such as loss of appetite, discoloration or unusual swimming behavior, farmers should seek advice from aquaculture experts immediately.

Using quality feed, clean equipment and proper hygiene practices greatly reduces the risk of disease outbreaks.

Harvesting and marketing

Fish are usually ready for harvest within six to eight months, depending on the species and feeding program. Harvesting can be partial, where only mature fish are removed or complete, where the entire pond is emptied.

After harvesting, fish should be sorted, cleaned, and packed in cool containers to maintain freshness. Farmers can sell fish live, smoked or processed, depending on the market demand. With the growing popularity of fish consumption in Kenya and beyond, there are numerous opportunities to sell to hotels, supermarkets, schools and households.

Effective marketing involves branding, consistent quality, and building trust with customers. Creating a network with fish traders and restaurant owners can also guarantee repeat business.

Proper fish farming methods are the foundation of a successful aquaculture business. From selecting the right site and quality fingerlings to maintaining clean water and good feeding practices, every step plays a crucial role in ensuring high yields and profitability. With increasing demand for fish both locally and internationally, farmers who adopt modern, sustainable practices are well-positioned to benefit from this growing industry.

Fish farming is more than just an income-generating venture, it’s a key driver of food security, job creation and rural development. With the right training, commitment and management, anyone can turn a small fish pond into a thriving agribusiness.

Author: Moureen Koech

Moureen Koech is a passionate Digital Journalist, an adept Agribusiness Writer with a keen eye for news and an impactful story-teller,whose stories provide key value to Agripreneurs and stakeholders in the Agricultural sector